The second anniversary of Libya’s liberation this year was not like that of last year. On Oct. 23, Libya was a different state from the one envisioned in the draft constitution known as the “National Charter of the Libyan State.” The draft constitution stipulates that all Libyans are equal before the law and everyone …

Nearly two years have passed since the end of Colonel Qaddafi’s dictatorship, but all is not well in Libya. What began as a popular uprising – that later gained international support through UN Security Council Resolution 1973 – has now turned into a potentially toxic security vacuum.

In September, the Security Council expects to be briefed by Tarek Mitri, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and head of the UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), followed by consultations. The Council will also likely receive the periodic briefing by the chair of the 1970 Libya Sanctions Committee, Ambassador …

The atmosphere in Tripoli on 20 October 2011, when the last remnants of Muammar Gaddafi’s forces were defeated, and Gaddafi himself along with his son Mutassim were killed, was one of almost unbridled hope. The then longest-serving head of state, an authoritarian dictator with a highly personalised and increasingly totalitarian …

Not only has the state so far been unable to bring the militias under control, it has also not managed to repair roads, rebuild buildings, clean the streets or provide power to its citizens.